The World Health Organization (WHO) explains that malnutrition affects every country on the globe and that children’s access to adequate nutrition can impact both height and weight. Nutrition and a person’s access to nutrient-dense whole foods - like fresh fruits, vegetables, protein, dairy products, and whole grains - can have an impact on overall health and growth. However, environmental factors also play an important role in the process. After all, a person’s height is primarily influenced by genetics. What to watch next? The pace of additional e fuels capacity in and around Cartagena and policy towards upstream, exploration, and refining.If everyone in your family is tall, good chances are that you might be, too. This suggests a ‘floor’ of production of around 1 mb/d. The domestic market will need to maintain enough upstream production to refine liquids for the domestic market. However, e-fuels will be a small part of the transport market and gasoline will meet the lion’s share of transport demand. Colombia’s wind and solar potential can enable an expansion of green hydrogen supply according to Wood Mackenzie’s Lens Power platform. E-fuels, produced from green hydrogen, can provide a carbon neutral supply source that can be blended with gasoline engines. By 2040, gasoline’s share in the transport mix will be stubbornly high at 72%.Įxpanding e-fuels investment is a critical part of Colombia’s hydrogen and net zero strategies. With per capita GDP at ~$6,800 dollars, one of the lowest in the region, consumers will opt for vehicles they can afford. Out of the 3.8 million vehicles in Colombia, 80% of are fuelled by gasoline currently. Our base case outlook expects that transport will be a challenge to electrify. But for Colombia, reaching net zero will require a balance between upstream, refining and new energies. Ecopetrol, the country’s National Oil Company, has new leadership in Ricardo Roa Barragan who is now tasked with implementing the President’s vision. President Gustavo Petro’s goal of net zero emissions has shifted priorities from oil production and exploration to new energies. What to watch next? The next wave of project announcements following on from the Strategy and the 2023 Budget.Ĭolombia’s net zero strategy needs to consider upstream and refining In addition, Canada’s suspension of Chinese ownership of TSX-listed mining companies and heavy barriers to foreign ownership of larger companies could be an obstacle to faster development of new capacity. While industry M&A signals investor appetite for growth, the reality is consolidation may constrain advancement of the project pipeline. Glencore’s bid for Teck Resources could spur consolidation in Canada’s mining sector. To speed up permitting, the government and industry will need to engage with indigenous populations early in the project development process. Permitting timelines will be a perennial challenge mining projects are typically permitted within a range of 5-7 years. While the Strategy and 2023 Budget are positive signs, implementation rests on several areas. The government expects the tax credit to cost $11.1 billion dollars over 2023-2035. The Strategy was boosted in Canada’s 2023 budget by the announcement of an aligned 30% Clean Technology Manufacturing Investment Tax Credit. This includes a 30% tax credit for mineral exploration applicable to nickel, lithium, cobalt, graphite, copper, rare earths, vanadium and uranium. To maximise the opportunity, in late 2022 Canada launched its Critical Minerals Strategy. Enter Canada – the fifth largest supplier of graphite and nickel globally, and a key supplier of uranium.Ĭanada’s Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States qualifies mineral supply from Canada for incentives in the IRA – a potential boon for Canada’s industry. What to watch next? CARB’s updated LCFS guidance in Q3 2023.Ĭanada’s 2023 budget: a positive sign for minerals supplyĭiversifying the global supply chain for low carbon energies is top of mind for governments and companies around the world.
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